Bot1320 notes

Chap 01 Where Is Here?

Chapter 1: Where Is Here?

grasslands QB631.2 .P57 Planet Earth 3 Great Plains America's Lost Landscape: The Tallgrass Prairie (Wild Ones) "Meadow" Steppes: Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Armenia. Mongolia(Gobi) Xinjiang. Argentina/Uruguay Kenya/Tanzania: Serengeti & Mara Plains ecosystem Frederick Clements 1916 prairie succession Arthur Tansley 1935 ecosystem prairie Peace River poplars (aspen and willow). Palouse grasslands=shadow of Cascades (Idaho) bunchgrass, sagebrush virtually gone QB631.2 .P57 Planet Earth 3 Great Plains bison Coronado golden city, need sea-compass. plains Also monthly/yearly fluctuations. Elevation: 1 mile -> 226 m. (741 ft.) MONTANA -> WYOMING; Mojave/Sonoran. rain_shadow Coast Ranges, Cascades to north Gobi Desert Asia ecoregions Farming: shelterbelt. Flint Hills=KS, NE; see chap03. Mixed: buffalo grass in south, speargrass, wheatgrass. soil LICHEN. Parent: bedrock (Thornton limestone) in crust, sediment. texture Drummer silty clay loam. Loess silty wind deposit=glacial drift. il First people new world Illinois_Priaire.jpg ===

Chap 02 Digging into the Past

Chapter 2: Digging into the Past

plates BBC-Earth/Disc1/#11:10 (QE31 .S72, 551 EAR Blu-ray) N American/Eurasian plates split 13:50 Pangea 250 (or 225?) MYA end Permian limestone LIMESTONE. Thornton Quarry, Naperville Centennial Beach. fossils Thornton FOSSILS. Crinoid=sea lily. sunbeams COAL later. Texas; Bakken in North Dakota, Eagle Ford Shale in Texas; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming Fracking - extracting gas from oil shale plants Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous in US) Appalachia. Lycophyte, cycad; global cooling Karoo Ice Age. vertebrates Synapsid SKULL; Dimetrodon 2 canine teeth. Dimetrodon from Permian "red bed" deposits NM, TX, OK. reptiles BRACHIOSAURUS, Stegosaurus. Pangaea 165 MYA N.A. craton collected terranes -> Rockies. Permian: Glaciation, basaltic lava eruptions in Siberia, Pangea: seafloor warped down, dry continent. dinosaurs Sea returns Cretaceous 145-65 MYA; Triceratops KT But BIRDS? glaciation ICE late Pliocene 4 glaciations 3 miles (2 km) high: mt. Everest NE, KS(1.2 MYA almost to Mississippi/MO confluence), IL, WI; Bloomington; Laurentide, Cordilleran. First people new world glacial Valparaiso Moraine MAP: Roselle, Keenyville, Wheaton, WC. Canadian Shield=N.A. craton; igneous. Pothole=slough. Loess=silt; larger sand=Nebraska Sand Hills. Coulee from melting ice. China Loess Plateau terracotta non-glacial also NE, KS, CO interglacial Mastodon bark; pronghorn. migrants Bison priscus, caribou, elk (wapiti), giant beavers, sloths, camels, horses, dire wolf. pronghorns true horns, not deer antlers, not Old World antelope ===

Chap 03 The Geography of Grass

Chapter 3: The Geography of Grass

precipation Same figure as ch01/ecoregions fire Forb later: herbaceous broadleaf flowering. burn Prairie mgr Brian McQuaid leaf LEAF MINER, WAXY, HAIRY leaf. Epi(on, over) dermis. Mezzanine between floors; mezzo-soprano between soprano/alto sax. photosynthesis ZIPLOC transpiration: water release in Calvin. Big/Little Blue, Switch, corn C4 warm-season; wheat cool-season roots ROOTS tshirt, DIG compass plant winds El Nino rain, La Nina drought. Santa Ana is easterly, autumn/winter. katydid Katydids long-horned. 1848 California Gull. Mormon Crickets Temperature affects syllables Katy did it, Katy didn’t, Katy did, Kate didn’t, Kate did, Didn’t, Did Count # of chirps in 60 seconds, Add 16, Divide by 3 ===

Chap 04 Secrets of the Soil

Chapter 4: Secrets of the Soil

stems POTATO eyes arranged in a spiral. cord_grass Bunch and Sod-forming grasses (rhizomes or stolons) symbiotic Grasshopper is PREDATOR/PARASITE nitrogen_fixation Golden Bean (Thermopsis rhombifolia). James Woodworth nitrogen study. Cercis canadensis (Redbud) legume. soil Eluviating horizon. Just discuss 3 soils: molli in middle; top is alfi, arid(warm, can be moist) molli=soft Black Earth(cool: high elevation ND, MT); alfi=alu + fe still fertile; Shawnee National Forest earthworms eat dirt: detritus ants BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.2_TakingToTheAir 28:15-29:00 Lantern bug honeydew -> Moth This ant (Lasius neoniger) & aphids. Edward's Hairstreak & Formica integra. Extrafloral nectar on leaf base microscopic glands. ===

Chap 05 Home on the Range

Chapter 5: Home on the Range

cattle Cattle find shade along streams, foul water, erode streambank -> mesquite, creosote P115.jpg (Helianthus rigidus) an annual pioneer after disturbance ruminant NIUBAIYE=Omasum; tripe. BBC-LifeOnEarth/4.B_TheHuntersAndTheHunted/#10:40 Impala chews cud. birds Le Conte's Sparrow wet meadows, ground nest; YOUTUBE Springbrook Prairie BBC-LifeOfBirds/1.2_TheMasteryOfFlight/ #46:15 Dickcissels grouse Greater prairie-chicken: state endangered killdeer plover=wading bird rodents Grasshopper mouse also insectivore. Hibernate: 13-g.s; chipmunk, woodchuck, bat; skunk & bear torpor. predator Black-footed ferret almost extinct after prairie dogs decline (species of concern); swift & red fox Coyote keystone: black-tailed jackrabbits & kangaroo rats outcompete other rodents Pronghorns 1 million 60 MPH; flehmen sniffing, eats shrubs & forbs BBC-LifeOfMammals/1.3_PlantPredators 34:20 Pronghorn, Bison, 40:10 Bighorn Sheep mutualistic Tall Thistle, no pollen basket ===

Chap 06 Water of Life

Chapter 6: Water of Life

portage 1673 Louis Joliet & Father Jacques Marquette 8 miles: Chicago vs Cleveland, Milwaukee MS watershed separated from Great Lakes (-> Des Plaines) by locks (also at North Shore Channel) pothole Slough? swamp, secondary channel wetland Tiger Salamander needs permanent pool? Playa=ephemeral, dry lake "beach". Otter Creek reduce runoff & flooding, recharge aquifer, filter pollution MUCK lo O high organic. Beaver dam->swamp. Volo rain-fed; fen alkaline. vernal Spotted Salamander 3-4 months to adult: Eastern species, not found in Great Plains bog Tollund Man 4th C BC Denmark. Kearney near Sand Hills to its NW ducks Merganser serrated bill; Wood duck=perching duck but Anatidae(dabbler) Cormorant endangered. Eared Grebe breed plumage gold feathers; wet crown(west US, Eurasia)Pied-billed, Horned in IL. BBC-Life/5_Birds QH501.L544 34:30 Clark's/Western grebe crop (Oregon) insects PAPER CLIP tension Lake_Chicago Coulee from melting ice. Outlet=Sag Valley (Palos) Cal-Sag Channel 1911: Calumet River - Sanitary & Ship Canal. (Saganashkee Slough, Sagawau Canyon) Elevation 579 ft (176 m) river Miss * Mo Rivers meet St. Louis. Dams change dry-wet cycle, less sediment in Missouri River -> pallid sturgeon endangered mayfly BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.2_TakingToTheAir/#42:50 ===

Chap 07 Prairie Woodlands

Chapter 7: Prairie Woodlands

savanna Downers Grove east of DuPage River E branch; Morton G Chicago North Branch; Elk G Des Plaines T americana deep moist soil; wing (bract) on pedicel. white_oak cottonwood Need spring flood cycle, exposed soil to germinate, but sapling can be swept by meandering river. Fast grow -> heart rot (fungus) Bufflehead, chickadee nest. PAPPUS; P189: Aspens (P tremuloides) also dioceous, NOT monecious. Ruffed Grouse Michgan; Sharp-tailed, Gr Sage LEAFMINER=Lepidoptera, Diptera. woodland_birds This is a wild turkey? Arbor Day last Fri April Sterling Morton NE, Joy Perching Passerines; Downy Woodpecker, Chipping Sparrow, American Crow, Merlin, Nuthatch Interbreed: Yellow/Red-shafted Northern Flicker; Baltimore/Bullock's Oriole; Indigo/Lazuli Bunting Dickcissel, Pipit, Bobolink, Short-eared Owl; Starling, Northern Cardinal edge Savage does not mention fragmented woodlands fox_squirrel Rodentia; Fox bigger, middens, do not raid nest (Grays do) cowbird BBC-LifeOfBirds/3.8_DemandsOfTheEgg/#42:00 cowbird/gnatcatcher cowbird rm L egg 1/3 way 500 NOV NOVA scienceNOW 2009, episode 7: white-tailed_deer Mule deer more open grassland w brush; stott ===

Chap 08 The Nature of Farming

Chapter 8: The Nature of Farming

crops XCNC/2007_07_10/Triticum-fruit Winter wheat(cool-season) germinates spring (long season?) but P234 winter w. matures quicker?. Corn warm-season Futures: Soft Red(Chicago Board of Trade), Hard Red(Kansas City) rodents Meadow Vole marsh, streambank; nocturnal. great_horned_owl May day hunt in breeding season; skunks & fish; old hawk nests, caves, cliff. Barn Owl barn_swallow Cliff swallows San Juan Capistrano husk_fly Also peach beefly Long proboscis gall_fly "Inflamation"; make exit hole fall; parasitoid wasp; moth; midge; Chickadee, Downy Woodpecker. hoverfly BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.2_TakingToTheAir 34:30 Cranefly uses halteres GYROSCOPE 37:00 Hoverfly hemiptera The forewings are hardened near the base and membranous near the ends, appearing to be "half wings". Each successive molt becoming more like the adults coleoptera Sheath wing Nuttall's Blister Beetle, 400K species BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/2.1_IntimateRelations ants/aphids/wasps/beetles aquatic_beetles Predaceous; Crawling poor swimmers algae & invert; larva tracheal gills: tracheae/spiracles. Youtube newt larva lady_beetles Spotted=12 firefly Eggs & larva also glow, carnivorous, only males fly? luciferase/luciferin lepidoptera C vulgare BULL? Puddling: males need salt Butter & skipper monophyletic; moth paraphyletic (tree of life); neither frog toad. Dragon damsel monarch BBC-Life/9_Plants QH 501.L544 19:15 Monarch (Mexican state of Michoacan, El Rosario sanctuary) bagworm fritillary Viola cleistogamous flowers in summer; elaiosome seeds. calico striking, stigma orthoptera This Spur-throated saddle-shaped pronotum; herringbone (chevron) femur. STRAIGHT, true wings. Eggs in soil covered in pod, Katydids oviposit in twig. Grasses girded with strands of abrasive silica. stridulation Femur=thigh, patella, tibia/fibula; tympanum=eardrum(hand drum) frog snowy turnbull_grasshopper Russian Thistle (Tumbleweed); BENEFICIAL? purple loosestrife beetle hymenoptera These are Sweat Bees. Bombus are social eastern_carpenter_bee Solitary; Bombus colony digger Digger Wasp may use other holes ===

Chap 09 Long-Range Forecast

Chapter 9: Long-Range Forecast

birds Yellow-headed Blackbird -> Great Plains bison Tatanka: About Bison Samuel Walking Coyote, Charles Allard, Michel Pablo. ABS disbanded 1935, re 2005; < 1.5% not livestock hybrid. P. 259 pipe dream. NOG Audubon, Ducks Unlimited fragmentation woodland & wetland also fragmented species-area 1 ha=2.5-acre: 0.2 ha=0.5 a.; 1.9 billion ha=4.6 b.a. island mangrove islands Florida Keys: fumigated arthropod, recover rate = distance from mainland (sizes were all similar) fragmented This is Amazon Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project. energy 'sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/killer-windows/|Killer Windows and Birds|American Association for the Advancement of Science|' conservation NACHUSA=Nature; Flint Hills=KS Osage Plains=OK(too rocky) Sand Hills=NE. Midewin, Shawnee CRP Conservation Reserve Program marginal farmland -> grasses 30 M acres. relic IPP rails to trails - West Chicago Prairie: RR; 1929 stockyards. stepping_stones OK for flying birds/insects/pollen mitigation Googlemap from ch06/vernal. Tiles have holes top, lower than water table. ecotourism "Karney" near Sand Hills; Soybeans not good for goose ===

Chap 10 Plant Ecology

Chapter 10: Plant Ecology

flower Cytoplasmic streaming actin. Sexual Encounters of the Floral Kind calyx=sepals > corolla (perianth) pistil=carpels. All stamens=androecium, carpels=gynoecium. sunflower Auxin in stem & bud turn; mature flowers face east; Fibonacci sunflower 5 dark anthers, curved stigma; native Central America, monecious? pollen_fertilization Embryo sac=egg, synergids, central cell 2 polar nuclei, antipodals double_fertilization APPLE: inferior; ORANGE/PEPPER: superior; BANANA: pericarp; PEANUT: cotyledons. Pistil: fused carpels. FRUIT? tomato, squash, pumpkin, eggplant, sw pepper, chile, nuts. fruit PEANUT EMBRYO; BANANA 3, APPLE 5, ORANGE 10-13 carpels, OVARY. STRAWBERRY seeds = achenes in RECEPTACLE. BBC-Life/9_Plants QH 501.L544 2010. 27:00 Alsomitra seeds have flying wings dispersal Ants eat elaisome growth-secondary TOILET dead heartwood, living sapwood. Cork=outer periderm. Herbaceous: vascular bundles; LIGNIN in bamboo growth-primary Maple xylem sap stem Apical dominance -> bud scales; axillary -> shoot w its own buds leaf_morphology JUGLANS NIGRA, GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS LEAVES; fruit. ===

Chap 11 Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Chapter 11: Taxonomy and Phylogeny

taxonomy Swedish Carl, noble von Linn�: Origin presented in Linnean Society. Hagfish no vert. Dumetella carolinensis=Gray Catbird; Anolis carolinensis=Green Anole S. niger=fox; groundhog; marmots, chipmunks. Quercus_rubra QUERCUS RUBRA LEAVES, ACORNS common_names Zea mays (teosinte), Turdus migratorius (Turdidae), Erithacus rubecula (Muscicapidae) Robin formerly thrush, garden soil: insects & worms. fruit. Dalea/Petalostemum Darwin Survey ocean around S. America, 23 years essay from Alfred Wallace; present Linnean Society. NATGEO-DarwinsSecretNotebooks/#29:00 (576.82092 DAR) Coral atoll-31:00 how are islands colonized: birds FEET! natural_selection 50-200 eggs, 2 - 8 nests a season. 304.27 DOG Dogs decoded 50 generations foxes artificial selection + cross-fostering 1959, Russia clade ostrich bipedal: speech or symbolic/abstract; pigeon crop milk Sea Lamprey: The Battle Continues|Minnesota Sea Grant|3/6/09 Eukaryote Metazoa Bilateria Deuterostom Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Gnathostomata -> Osteichthyes Sarcopterygii Tetrapods Amniota Synapsida Therapsida Mammalia Eutheria Primates Catarrhini Hominidae Homo plant_evolution PINE CONES. Bryophyta have soft strands: diffusion & osmosis. liverwort, hornwort. poaceae Cannabis=Order Rosales ===


Bot1320 notes	Updated: Aug 22, 2012.	Peter Chen