plates BBC-Earth/Disc1/#11:10 (QE31 .S72, 551 EAR Blu-ray) N American/Eurasian plates split 13:50 Pangea 250 (or 225?) MYA end Permian Plate tectonics animation
limestone LIMESTONE. Thornton Quarry, Naperville Centennial Beach.
fossils Thornton FOSSILS. Crinoid=sea lily.
sunbeams COAL later. Texas; Bakken in North Dakota, Eagle Ford Shale in Texas; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming Fracking - extracting gas from oil shale
plants Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous in US) Appalachia. Lycophyte, cycad; global cooling Karoo Ice Age. Coal maps (Illinois State Geological Survey)
vertebrates Synapsid SKULL; Dimetrodon 2 canine teeth. Dimetrodon from Permian "red bed" deposits NM, TX, OK.
reptiles BRACHIOSAURUS, Stegosaurus. Pangaea 165 MYA N.A. craton collected terranes -> Rockies.
Permian: Glaciation, basaltic lava eruptions in Siberia, Pangea: seafloor warped down, dry continent. Laramide orogeny: building the Rocky Mountains
dinosaurs Sea returns Cretaceous 145-65 MYA; Triceratops
KT But BIRDS? Cretaceous extinction: what killed the dinosaurs?
glaciation ICE late Pliocene 4 glaciations 3 miles (2 km) high: mt. Everest
NE, KS(1.2 MYA almost to Mississippi/MO confluence), IL, WI; Bloomington; Laurentide, Cordilleran. First people new world Glaciation of Northeast U.S.: Wisconsinan glaciation
glacial Valparaiso Moraine MAP: Roselle, Keenyville, Wheaton, WC.
Canadian Shield=N.A. craton; igneous. Pothole=slough. Loess=silt; larger sand=Nebraska Sand Hills. Coulee from melting ice.
China Loess Plateau terracotta non-glacial also NE, KS, CO The Chicago Area Before Human Transformation
interglacial Mastodon bark; pronghorn.
migrants Bison priscus, caribou, elk (wapiti), giant beavers, sloths, camels, horses, dire wolf.
pronghorns true horns, not deer antlers, not Old World antelope
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